Las mujeres en la Unión Europea (UE) reciben salarios que en promedio son 13 por ciento inferiores a los que reciben los hombres por el mismo trabajo, lamentó este martes la Comisión Europea, el poder ejecutivo del bloque.
“Esto significa que por cada euro ganado por un hombre, una mujer gana sólo 0.87 euros”, señaló la Comisión en un comunicado.
En otras palabras, para lograr los mismos ingresos anuales que un hombre, una mujer en Europa necesita trabajar más días.
“El Día de la Igualdad Salarial marca la fecha que simboliza cuántos días adicionales deben trabajar las mujeres hasta fin de año para ganar lo que ganaron los hombres en el mismo año. Este año el Día de la Igualdad Salarial cae el 15 de noviembre”, indicó el comunicado.
Las comisarias europeas Vera Jourova (Valores) y Helena Dalli (Igualdad) señalaron que el 15 de noviembre “sirve para recordarnos que debemos continuar nuestros esfuerzos para cerrar la brecha salarial de género”.
“La igualdad salarial por el mismo trabajo o por un trabajo de igual valor es uno de los principios fundacionales de la UE”, señalaron.
Rose Nyunja tenía solo 18 años cuando empezó a trabajar en las plantaciones de té de Kericho, la mayor región productora de esta planta de Kenia y una de las principales fuentes de empleo para las mujeres pobres del país. Durante décadas, se mató a trabajar en las explotaciones, recogiendo las hojas a mano. Después llegaron las máquinas de recolección y millares de mujeres como Nyunja empezaron a perder sus empleos, pues solo una de esas máquinas era capaz de sustituir a más de 100 trabajadores.
Una noche de 2020, Nyunja regresó a las viviendas de las empleadas y se encontró la puerta bloqueada con una barrera. La habían despedido. Suplicó al supervisor que salvara su puesto de trabajo y su hogar. En lugar de eso, los agentes de seguridad de la empresa la expulsaron del recinto. “Mis 26 años de servicio no significaban nada para ellos”, se lamenta, luchando por contener las lágrimas. “Me dieron una hora para recoger mis pertenencias y marcharme. Nunca en mi vida había experimentado tanta humillación y vergüenza. He trabajado diligentemente durante más de dos décadas y ¿qué he conseguido? Nada”.
El Sindicato de Trabajadores Agrícolas y de Plantaciones de Kenia afirma que 30.000 mujeres han perdido su empleo como consecuencia de la automatización en los últimos cinco años. Alrededor del 60% de los 75.000 trabajadores empleados actualmente en el sector del té son mujeres, frente al 75% estimado en 2017, según Dickson Sang, secretario general del sindicato.
A medida que las plantaciones de té de Kenia se automatizan para mejorar la productividad, las trabajadoras como Nyunja representan una tendencia mundial más amplia: las mujeres tienen más probabilidades que los hombres de perder sus empleos. Un estudio británico de 2019 revelaba que el 70% de los puestos de trabajo con alto riesgo de automatización están ocupados por mujeres en el Reino Unido. Y el pasado abril, un estudio de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte halló que casi el 80% de la mano de obra femenina en Estados Unidos se verá afectada por los avances en la inteligencia artificial (IA) generativa, en comparación con el 58% de los hombres.
Aunque los recientes avances de la IA generativa han agravado la preocupación por la disminución de puestos de trabajo para los empleados administrativos, las pérdidas de empleo debidas al aumento de la automatización en las empresas llevan años produciéndose, como se ha visto en Kenia. Kweilin Ellingrud, directora del McKinsey Global Institute, afirma que su investigación muestra que es 14 veces más probable que la automatización afecte a los trabajadores con salarios bajos que a los que ganan más.
El 80% de la mano de obra femenina en Estados Unidos se verá afectada por los avances en la inteligencia artificial generativa, en comparación con el 58% de los hombres
“Creo que la razón por la que acapara titulares es porque también está afectando por primera vez a los empleos con salarios más altos”, afirma Ellingrud. “Me parece que ahora la IA generativa está centrándose en puestos de trabajo de todo tipo: afecta a tu trabajo, afecta a mi trabajo. Algunos de nosotros, yo incluida, no estamos acostumbrados a pensar en cómo tendrá que cambiar mi trabajo o en qué va a cambiar”.
La pandemia de covid-19 demostró además que las mujeres tienen más probabilidades de perder su empleo en periodos de agitación económica, y tardan más en reincorporarse a la población activa. “El desempleo femenino dura más”, afirma Ellingrud. Su investigación en McKinsey ha revelado que 12 millones de personas tendrán que cambiar de trabajo de aquí a 2030, y que las trabajadoras tienen 1,5 veces más probabilidades que los hombres de verse obligadas a cambiar de ocupación. En su opinión, esto significa que los gobiernos y las empresas deben adoptar urgentemente medidas específicas para reciclar y mejorar la cualificación de las mujeres.
En Kericho, Roselyne Wasike, recolectora de té, cuenta que sus ingresos han caído casi a la mitad, de 150 a 80 dólares al mes (de 140 a 75 euros), a medida que las máquinas se han ido haciendo cargo de más partes del trabajo en la plantación. Ni siquiera los que han conseguido conservar su empleo pueden escapar al impacto de la automatización. “Estas máquinas han perjudicado a las mujeres a las que han despedido, en lugar de darles otras tareas dentro de las explotaciones de té”, afirma Wasike. Muchas de ellas son viudas o madres solteras. El resentimiento hacia las máquinas se tradujo en violencia el pasado mes de mayo, cuando los residentes de Kericho incendiaron nueve máquinas cosechadoras valoradas en 1,2 millones de dólares (1,1 millones de euros) en una plantación propiedad de Ekaterra, el productor de los tés Lipton y TAZO. El enfrentamiento se saldó con dos muertos y la detención del gobernador de Kericho. Ekaterra suspendió sus operaciones durante dos semanas, dejando sin trabajo a más de 16.000 empleados.
El 85% de los empleos afectados por la IA generativa se concentrarán en cuatro categorías laborales: servicios de alimentación, atención al cliente y ventas, administración de oficinas y fabricación
Uno de los puntos en disputa había sido una disposición del convenio colectivo del sector según la cual se mantendría a los trabajadores, en su mayoría mujeres, como operadores de máquinas. Los dirigentes sindicales afirman que las multinacionales se han “negado en redondo” a aplicarla. “No apruebo la destrucción de la propiedad. Pero ahora estos trabajadores están tomando represalias porque las empresas de té siguen cambiando las reglas del juego”, afirma Sang.
Ellingrud explica que el 85% de los empleos afectados por la IA generativa se concentrarán en cuatro categorías laborales: servicios de alimentación, atención al cliente y ventas, administración de oficinas y fabricación. En las tres primeras predominan las mujeres. Incluso en el sector manufacturero, las trabajadoras como Nyunja son más vulnerables en comparación con los hombres, que tienen más posibilidades de ser reciclados para funciones relacionadas con la automatización.
Ropa hecha en Bangladés, pero no por humanos
La automatización también ha cambiado radicalmente la composición del sector de la confección de Bangladés, antes aclamado por transformar las perspectivas de empleo de las mujeres. En el pasado, las mujeres representaban más del 80% de la mano de obra del sector, mientras que ahora representan menos del 60%. En 2019, el Gobierno preveía que medio millón de trabajadores de la confección, en su mayoría mujeres, perderían su empleo a causa de la automatización.
En el Centro de Formación y Confección Moni de Savar, situado al norte de la capital, Dacca, Mizanur Rahman enseña a sus alumnos a manejar las máquinas de tejer y tricotar. Rahman, extrabajador de la confección, explica cómo contratan instructoras para las alumnas y ofrecen horarios flexibles para que las mujeres puedan acudir antes o después de ocuparse de las tareas domésticas. Señala que la confianza que adquieren con su formación puede traducirse en un mayor reconocimiento en el trabajo.
En 2019, el Gobierno de Bangladés preveía que medio millón de trabajadores de la confección, en su mayoría mujeres, perderían su empleo a causa de la automatización
“Muchas de mis alumnas obtienen buenos resultados y ascienden a puestos de supervisora o jefa de línea”, afirma Rahman. Es probable que las funciones de supervisión y de manejo de tecnología automatizada sean algunos de los empleos clave que sobrevivan en un panorama posautomatización. Pero ambos tienden a estar dominados por los hombres. En la industria de la confección de Bangladés, las mujeres han representado durante mucho tiempo menos del 5% de los supervisores, a pesar de constituir una mayoría significativa de la mano de obra.
Ha habido algunas señales de éxito. El proyecto Igualdad de Género y Rendimiento, dirigido por la Corporación Financiera Internacional del Banco Mundial y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, afirma que el 60% de sus aprendices han sido promovidas a puestos de supervisión, y el número de mujeres supervisoras en la industria ha saltado al 12% desde que comenzó el programa en 2016.
Empleadas de la fábrica de ropa Civil Engineering Limited en Dacca, Bangladés, que volvieron a trabajar un año después del estallido de la pandemia.MOHAMMAD PONIR HOSSAIN (REUTERS)
Abdullah Hil Rakib, director de la Asociación de Fabricantes y Exportadores de Ropa de Bangladés, la mayor asociación comercial del sector en el país, asegura que el principal obstáculo para que las mujeres prosperen en puestos de supervisión u operadoras de máquinas es psicológico. “Es una barrera mental”, afirma. Señala que la automatización supone un trabajo menos agotador físicamente tanto para hombres como para mujeres, lo que elimina una dificultad que antes habría hecho que algunos puestos de trabajo fueran menos accesibles para las mujeres. “Incluso cuando un hombre maneja una pesada máquina de corte automático, solo tiene que pulsar un interruptor para encenderla y apagarla. No necesita hacer más”, sostiene Rakib.
Ellingrud anota que alrededor del 10% de los empleos que se crean cada año suelen ser nuevas funciones que antes no existían, pero las mujeres ocupan estos puestos en menor proporción que los hombres. Las que no sean capaces de adaptarse corren el riesgo de quedarse fuera de la nueva economía. Pero esa adaptación parece una posibilidad lejana en Kericho, donde Nyunja vende verduras en la calle para llegar a fin de mes. “Antes podía cuidar de mi familia y pagar la escuela de mis hijos”, se lamenta. “Ahora mi futuro parece sombrío. Apenas puedo pagar el alquiler, y mucho menos enviar a mi hijo a la escuela”.
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How to Play Free Slot Games at Online Casinos
Free scratch card games are very common on the Internet. These games were introduced to casinos to encourage casino bet 32 gamers to play their favorite games without risking any money. It is one method of testing the market’s response to the new product. It is one of numerous methods to gather information about the state of a particular casino.
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Playing free slots without downloading Anything – How to Join and Enjoy Playing Online Casino Gambling Gladiators
Do you ever dream of playing slot machines for free? Do you want to play real slot games without spending a single dime? Are you looking to play for free slot games but hate having to download free casino programs before you even get started? If you answered yes to these questions, you will soon find out how you can play the game of your dreams. You can now play your most loved slot machines for absolutely no cost!
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Play Slot Games on the Go
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